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The most prominent ones include Rus Sidyashchaya (Russia Behind Bars), the Committee for the Prevention of Torture, , OVD-Info and Memorial. Several countries, including France, Germany and Austria, have limited women from wearing full-face coverings such as the niqab and burka in public spaces. According to Olga Romanova, a well-connected criminal is able to arrange comfortable living conditions in prison for himself using a network of his accomplices remaining at large. A social movement and a number of non-governmental organisations have formed around the issue of defence of prisoners rights. These can be Turkish ornaments (paisley), floral designs or printed patterns. [20] . , , https://csr.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/20171017_Report-Prisons.pdf, p. 22. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The same applies to the so-called transfer stage, or the time during which the convict is being transported to their penal colony (in Russian: etap). Prisoners are given prison uniforms upon arrival to the prison; they may wear their own clothes instead, provided that the prisoner maintains the clothes themselves. Many young women wear headscarves this way on top of a woolen hat for extra protection from the cold and the wind. It's also traditional in church, see Ap. "It is disgraceful for a wife to cut off her hair or shave her head, let her cover her head," reads 1 Corinthians 11:6-7 of the Bible. Large-scale human rights violations in prisons and the absence of effective mechanisms in state institutions to counteract this phenomenon have become a catalyst for Russian societys self-organisation. I ask because I read of this practice a few weeks ago, is there a deeper or older meaning than protection from cold? The ban applies to teachers, lawyers (ibid. Most often, prisoner transport is organised in special windowless railroad carriages known as Stolypin cars, in which prisoners in groups of ten are transported in compartments measuring 3.4 m2. "In Britain in particular, scarves were useful on two levels: promoting propaganda and moral messages, as well as helping women comply with the demands of working in a factory," said Deihl. In 1786, Louisiana legislators enacted the Tignon Laws, requiring Black and mixed-race women to wrap their heads in cloth. Over 467 000 individuals are incarcerated in Russias prisons. The Swedish government should have requested that female members of the delegation should not have been required to wear a headscarf, he said, and that if the request were not granted any trade agreements should have been signed in Sweden or a third country. Most of these violations were incidents where physical coercion was used in rooms with no CCTV monitoring. 2023 BBC. Women in the Swedish government "should have condemned an equally unfair situation in Iran," Ms Alinejad posted to My Stealthy Freedom, a popular Facebook page she runs that encourages Iranian women to post pictures of themselves without the hijab. A portion of Ukrainian political prisoners, including Oleg Sentsov, a film director sentenced in a show trial in Russia for 20 years in prison (according to the prosecutors he had planned to blow up the Lenin statue in Crimea), went on a hunger strike during the 2018 FIFA World Cup and demanded that all (more than 60) Ukrainian political prisoners should be released. A head wear was a symbol of integrity. Among the most alarming statistics regarding the Russian prison system is the high rate of recidivism. The Russian headscarf is a bright and warm accessory that goes equally well with a classic outfit, an ethno or boho chic look, and that can be used to add a feminine flourish to sportier styles. These days, a headpiece like this will go well with a pin-up and a sport-chic look while protecting the wearer's head from the bright sun outdoors. In recent years, the most well-known political trials were those of Alexei Navalny. For around two years, Russian media has reported on the prospective reform of the FSIN, involving a change in its leadership and even the transfer of the service from the Ministry of Justice to the Ministry of the Interior (until 1998 the prison system was supervised by the interior ministry). They can be made in a variety of different materials such as wool, cashmere, linen or cotton. Besides religious and cultural reasons one could confirm is many wear headscarves (those Pavlovo Posad shawls are pretty damn warm!) These women are confined to stereotypes to the extent that no one notices that many of them are well-educated and confident members of society and the workforce. Russian shawls and headscarves known for its old traditions and finest elegance all over the world. Amnesty International emphasises that repression and persecution of human rights defenders, restrictions on freedom of expression, cultural freedoms and minority rights are particularly common, Large-scale human rights violations in prisons and the absence of effective mechanisms in state institutions to counteract this phenomenon have become a catalyst for Russian societys self-organisation. Hollywood starlets including Anna Mae Wong and Evelyn Brent were captured on and off the screen with sophisticated silk wraps or more bohemian scarves that were worn wide across their foreheads. Employment with the FSIN is linked to various non-salary benefits. Reply. Sorry, this post was deleted by the person who originally posted it. Textile & Fabrics. Even today, the largest number of penal colonies is located in regions that are rich in natural resources (mainly forests), such as Krasnoyarsk Krai and Perm Krai, or in highly industrialised ones, such as Sverdlovsk Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast and Primorsky Krai. Read about our approach to external linking. Another important factor that impacts on prison conditions is the policy of the local FSIN officials and of the governor of the specific prison. Today's shawls and scarves from Vologda lace are lightweight accessories for cool summer evenings or going out. The Republic of Mordovia is a special case, because it hosts a large number of penal colonies within a relatively small territory. . And yes, they wear a . Famous convicts: Emelyan Pugachev, Felix Dzerzhinsky, Osip Mandelshtam, Alexander Solzhenitsyn. This is why the fate of the accused is decided by prosecutors during their investigations. A Greek Orthodox Christian woman attends Friday mass service in the West Bank town of Ramallah, Palestine, wearing a lace veil. A similar proportion of prisoners are serving their sentences for drug dealing (25%)[5], which likely results from the fact that the proceedings regarding possession of drugs are straightforward and investigators use them as an easy means of demonstrating the activity and efficiency of the prosecution bodies. But Ms Linde told the Aftonbladet newspaper that she was not willing to break Iranian law. "In Saudi Arabia, for example covering was common for women before Islam," said Faegheh Shirazi, author of "The Veil Unveiled: The Hijab in Modern Culture." Why do so few people protest in Russia? Over 467000 individuals are incarcerated in Russias prisons. The Swedish government has defended its decision to have its officials wear headscarves during a trip to Iran, saying that failing to do so would have broken the law. This small historic city in the Tver Region is famous for the ancient art of gold embroidery. [1] Data compiled by the World Prison Brief, http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief-data, [2] . In recent years, it has become increasingly popular, Most often, prisoner transport is organised in special windowless railroad carriages known as Stolypin cars, in which prisoners in groups of ten are transported in compartments measuring 3.4 m, The conditions in which the prisoners serve their sentences depend on the type of the specific penal colony. The new world of hipster and heavy metal hijabis, Historic ocean treaty agreed after decade of talks, China looks at reforms to deepen Xi's control, Inside the enclave surrounded by pro-Russia forces, 'The nurses wanted me to feel guilty about my abortion, From Afghan TV fame to a US factory floor. Pavlovsky Posad shawls have very bright and easily recognizable patterns: huge roses and dahlias on a red, black or white background that flower from the corners of a woolen fabric. Share. Reflection Muslims culture Other factors include the closing of a significant number of penal colonies with the least strict regime (over the last eight years almost a quarter of the total number of such colonies were closed down)[2]. and our Skilled lacemakers seem to be able to make just about any design out of fine thread, from traditional flowers to fairy tale characters. A frequently selected career path involves enrolling at a school run by the FSIN, in which students are offered special training for prospective prison system employees from an early age (in some locations the FSIN even runs primary schools). The item became a fixture in high society, worn by Queen Elizabeth II of England, American First Lady Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis and Princess Grace Kelly of Monaco, the last of whom once famously used her Herms scarf to fashionably sling her injured arm. What science tells us about the afterlife. The present number of inmates in Russias prisons is among the lowest in the countrys history and has been gradually declining over recent years. Silent film actress Anna May Wong was known for her taste in headscarves. World War II saw the return of the utilitarian headscarf, as women in the UK and US took up jobs in factories as men went off to fight. This places Russia first in Europe in terms of the number of prisoners per 100000 inhabitants. The versatile fabric has been chosen by and impressed upon people for political, religious and practical purposes for centuries. The bans have been met with public protests. "Because if you are feminists and you care about equality then you should challenge inequality everywhere," she told the BBC. Click here to find out more. According to data compiled by the FSIN, up to a third of deaths in prisons are caused by AIDS. In reality, Black and mixed women had already been wrapping their hair as a marker of an identity separate from the mainstream," said Jonathan Michael Square, a scholar of fashion and visual culture in the African diaspora at Harvard University. Aside from the federal budget subsidy, the FSIN receives revenue generated by manufacturing plants operating in penal colonies. Due to overcrowding, in most colonies the required standard of two square meters of space per inmate, which is stipulated in Russian law, is usually not met. However, some sources claim that its actual size is as much as double that of registered production[23]. Sergei Medvedev/TASS. It is extremely difficult to quote any estimates regarding prison mortality rate. Most prison manufacturing plants deal with textile and timber production. "Hair wrapping has stood the test of time for a reason, because it works," said Maria Sotiriou, the founder of UK brand Silke London. They came to Dagestan from Iran and Azerbaijan and are now recognized as part of this mountainous republic's cultural heritage. Along with very old tradition "a self-respecting woman . The most well-known example of this was the statement by Vladimir Putin in which he justified the Russian air raids on Grozny, which marked the beginning of the war in Chechnya in 1999, using words derived from criminal slang he said that he will waste the terrorists in the outhouse. It also enables the prisoner to enjoy privileges such as additional visits by relatives or being allowed to watch TV. The Swedish government says that "equality between women and men is a fundamental aim of Swedish foreign policy". Ulyukaevs trial was inspired by Igor Sechin, the CEO of Rosneft, and was intended to intimidate the more liberal portion of the apparatus of power and demonstrate the rising importance of Sechin himself. The evolution of the bikini in the Soviet Union (PHOTOS), Women all over the world are having Russian lips done (PHOTOS+VIDEOS), Lukoshko and tuesok: Old-style Russian bags are back in fashion again. Herms debuted its first scarf in 1937, with an elaborate woodblock design on imported Chinese silk. In recent years, it has become increasingly popular[8] (17.3% of all imprisoned individuals are held in remand centres). Actress Elizabeth Taylor considered the headscarf a key piece for a woman's wardrobe. The unique nature of the Russian prison system has also been shaped by the frequent contact society has with prison facilities and by the popularity of prison culture. Corruption is widespread in the prison system, which makes the conditions for serving a prison sentence dependent on the inmates financial status. OSW | Orodek Studiw Wschodnich im. Click here to find out more. They form a group that has its separate informal code of conduct (including a ban on disclosing the rules of prison life and details about the criminal world) and elects its own informal leader. As a consequence, due to tough competition in many locations it not easy to find employment in the prison system. Most recent amendments to the penal code have toughened the penalties[4]. African women have worn headscarves for many years for religious, cultural reasons and even as a fashion statement but they were traditionally worn by older, usually married women. There is no indication that in the upcoming years the practice of using imprisonment as a handy tool for removing rebellious citizens, as well as political and business rivals, will be curbed. As far as the reasons for imprisonment are concerned, the largest group of prisoners are criminal prisoners, most of whom were convicted for murder (27.8% of inmates). Here's the headscarf from Pavlovsky Posad. This intention is long gone, by the headscarf is still here. Down Shawls. But a great variety of scarves were produced in Russia as well. Essentially, they are silk scarves with printed patterns. In winter, headscarves and shawls aso provided protection from both the cold and the wind. When a woman goes to pray, her head should be covered at all times, except when she is in a bathroom or another room by herself. In these regions, the role of FSIN is particularly significant. They form a group that has its separate informal code of conduct (including a ban on disclosing the rules of prison life and details about the criminal world) and elects its own informal leader. The scale of this unregistered output is extremely difficult to assess. Its primary purpose at that period was to protect sheep herds against predators such as wolves, coyotes, and bears. The criteria for an early release are unclear, which enables the prison guards not only to discipline prisoners, but also to force them to work harder, to recruit informants and to force bribes. In the first seven months of 2018 alone, the Russian press revealed 24 cases of torture in prisons, Administration of the prison system and supervision of the thousands of inmates is the task of the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN) which employs 325,000 individuals, The Federal Penitentiary Service is a powerful financial machine. Organisations involved in defending prisoners rights and criticising the actions of the states law enforcement agencies operate under constant pressure and are aware that they may become subject to inspections and repressions at any time (this is why Olga Romanova, the leader of Rus Sidyashchaya, had to leave the country). In Soviet times, a headscarf tied under the chin was actually part of the standard uniform for women working in factories and on collective farms since health and safety rules required that hair be covered. The absence of supervision of what happens in prisons by independent institutions aggravates the repressive nature of the system as a whole and affords new opportunities for using it as a tool of political repression[32]. The image of Ms Lovin was widely seen as mocking a picture of Donald Trump signing an anti-abortion executive order surrounded by male aides and advisers. Abuse is common, even official statistics indicate that it is practised on a mass scale. Eleven of the 43 women's prisons in the Russian Federation allow inmates to have children under age three to live on the prison grounds, and women in the other prisons who become pregnant are . Paul's "Women Continue Reading Mila Lana Lives in Bratsk, Siberia, Russia Author has 4K answers and 40.7M answer views 1 y Related Due to the geographical location of the penal colonies, prisoners serve their sentences far from their home towns. The openwork silk scarf worn by Ossetian women is called a tsyllaye kayelmayerzayen. It has increased over recent years[31] and is proof of the inefficiency of the prison system as a whole. A: Some strongly believe Putin is doing the right thing (as a result of being brainwashed), some . At present, over 467,000 individuals are incarcerated in Russias prisons. Here are the most famous ones. Jennifer Lopez famously wore a white bandana at the MTV Video Music Awards in 2000. Even then, she should cover her hair with a shawl or scarf. The Russian governments determination as regards this issue is linked to the fact that show trials of Ukrainian activists are intended to deter the residents of Crimea from demonstrating their loyalty towards Ukraine. Foreign women are not required to wear a headscarf in the country, unlike in Iran. The most prominent ones include Rus Sidyashchaya (Russia Behind Bars), the Committee for the Prevention of Torture, OVD-Info and Memorial. Some of those styles appeal to fashionistas even today. It has been favored by revolutionaries and royalty alike. Brides often adorn a modern wedding dress with a traditional wedding scarf, which is called a lumkitab-kaz and has a different fringe. Headscarves, Modesty, and Modern Orthodoxy. In contemporary Russia, political trials are among the basic tools the government uses to tackle political opposition. The employees of Rus Sidyashchaya, which offers help to prisoners and their families, include individuals who used to be prisoners themselves (for example, people persecuted following the protests in Bolotnaya Square in Moscow in 2011 and 2012), as well as lawyers and journalists. In this way, a parallel market is being created for the FSINs needs, in which prices are regulated top-down, labour is virtually unpaid and statistics are fake. and tuberculosis. The thinner the thread used by the craftsman and the more intricate the pattern, the higher the price. It can be either conservative or rebellious. The price of this type of scarf starts out at around 20,000 rubles ($270). The way they sounded determined the nature of their owner. The employees of. "The headscarf helps to control that.". The recidivism ratio also remains very high: around 63% of inmates in Russian prisons are reoffenders[3]. One example is Ildar Dadin, a political prisoner sentenced for repeated protests. The supervisors of penal colonies value their peace of mind (which is guaranteed when there are no protests and complaints to the public prosecutors office). Here are the most famous ones. Even though some proponents of the hijab ban have been described as supporters of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), women with favorable attitudes toward India's ruling party are actually more inclined to wear head coverings in public than women who do not favor the governing party. The advocates of the legislation claim that headscarves, or hijab, symbolize Islamic radicalism, patriarchy and lack of women's empowerment. Experts say prisoners can face discipline if they don't button their uniforms to the neck and wear headscarves at all times. This leads to regular outbreaks of epidemics. Recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of political prisoners, which was mainly connected with the annexation of Crimea and the Russian-Ukrainian war a large number of Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians accused of extremism have recently been incarcerated in remand centres and penal colonies on political charges. A prominent Iranian women's rights activist and Swedish politicians have criticised the decision. ?, 10 July 2018, http://antipytki.ru/2018/07/10/fsin-zloupotreblyaet-pravom-raspredeleniya-zaklyuchennyh-no-gotov-vstat-na-put-ispravleniya/, [11] A. Bobrik, K. Danishevski, K. Eroshina, M. McKee, Prison Health in Russia: The Larger Picture, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7834446_Prison_Health_in_Russia_The_Larger_Picture, [12] 9,6% 2016 , , 20 February 2017, https://ria.ru/society/20170220/1488383898.html, [13] . , . Another manifestation of the unique nature of the Russian prison system is the presence of its informal code of behaviours and customs. The Federal Penitentiary Service is a powerful financial machine. Frequently, the individuals who receive support from the activists are victims of so-called commissioned cases or lawsuits brought by public prosecutors who had been bribed for example by the victims business competitors. [21] . , . , . , , , 14 March 2017, https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2017/03/15/58c702399a79473b36f47d9c, [22] 50 , 18 October 2016, https://rns.online/economy/FSIN-otsenil-godovie-dohodi-ot-proizvodstva-v-tyurmah-v-50-mlrd-rublei--2016-10-18/. 1. Unmarried women wear shawls with small patterns depicting flowers or feathers and short fringes, while married women have large patterns and long fringes on their shawls. It is the vestment equivalent of signing yourself with the Cross when you enter a holy place. This ranks Russia first in Europe when it comes to prison system spending in absolute numbers[21]. German boxer Zeina Nassar has fought to wear the hijab in the ring. These press leaks confirm that a game is underway for control of this major component of the law enforcement system and that attempts are being made to curb and rationalise the FSINs spending. In Russia, custody is the most popular preventive measure (it is more frequently used than bail or a ban on leaving the country). By the late '90s, headscarves were closely associated with hip hop and R&B. The absence of supervision of what happens in prisons by independent institutions aggravates the repressive nature of the system as a whole and affords new opportunities for using it as a tool of political repression, https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2017/03/15/58c702399a79473b36f47d9c, http://www.cdep.ru/index.php?id=79&item=2074, http://antipytki.ru/2018/07/10/fsin-zloupotreblyaet-pravom-raspredeleniya-zaklyuchennyh-no-gotov-vstat-na-put-ispravleniya/, https://ria.ru/society/20170220/1488383898.html, https://rns.online/economy/FSIN-otsenil-godovie-dohodi-ot-proizvodstva-v-tyurmah-v-50-mlrd-rublei--2016-10-18/, Memorial Publishes Lists of Political Prisoners in Russia, https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2015/05/12/64098-s-chego-nachinaetsya-bunt, https://csr.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/20171017_Report-Prisons.pdf, https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/russian-federation/report-russian-federation/, https://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2018/08/20/n_11927161.shtml, Putins address: an attempt to unite Russians and blackmail the West, Putins neo-totalitarian project: the current political situation in Russia, Russia is massing forces for a new offensive. Human rights defenders argue that the average monthly salary paid to prisoners working in prison manufacturing plants ranges between 400 and 5000 roubles (US$ 6 to 80 per month). Figures compiled by the Investigative Committee for 2015 show that acquittals accounted for a mere 0.4% of court rulings. According to data compiled by the FSIN, up to a third of deaths in prisons are caused by AIDS. Data compiled by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, http://www.cdep.ru/index.php?id=79&item=2074, [9] ., , , 8 August 2017, https://vturme.info/kak-nachal-rabotat-dolgozhdannyj-zakon-den-za-poltora/, [10] . , . Trade Minister Ann Linde led . Initially , even in pagan times in Russia, women covered head in order to save themselves from the cold in a harsh climate . , , 11 March 2018, https://ria.ru/20180311/1515928668.html, [25] Numerous accounts published for example on http://antipytki.ru/, [26] A report by Amnesty International, Russian Federation 2017/2018, https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/russian-federation/report-russian-federation/, [27] Memorial Publishes Lists of Political Prisoners in Russia, 30 October 2018, https://memohrc.org/en/news_old/memorial-publishes-lists-political-prisoners-russia, [28] 1, , 20 August 2018, https://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2018/08/20/n_11927161.shtml, [29] . , ? These include the poor state of infrastructure, endemic corruption and the primacy of informal rules over the rule of law, consent to harsh exploitation of working prisoners and the omnipotence of the coercion apparatus. The headscarf was popularized in the religions that emerged from the region, with early Christians and Jews covering their hair with veils according to their sacred texts. Aside from the federal budget subsidy, the FSIN receives revenue generated by manufacturing plants operating in penal colonies. Here, the scarf is put over the head, while its ends are not tied in a knot but are simply crossed and thrown back to fix the headdress. This is how women belonging to the merchant class wore their headscarves, so it is not surprising that this style was known as "the merchants way.". In strict regime and special regime penal colonies, the inmates face more restrictions, they are housed in locked cells usually with 20-50 other prisoners. For representatives of certain social groups, serving a sentence in prison forms part of a typical life history amongst males, a stage in life comparable to military service. In Soviet times, the local lace making factory made tablecloths and wraps depicting the Lenin Mausoleum and the hammer and sickle. Political systems, geography and ethnicity also play a crucial role in how and if women choose to cover their heads. In 2018, organizers staged a protest in France after a mother was banned from a school trip for wearing a hijab. 4. The headscarf has been declared a deprecatory garment, and so every woman wearing a headscarf has been deemed an oppressed housewife living in a parallel society. Other factors include the closing of a significant number of penal colonies with the least strict regime (over the last eight years almost a quarter of the total number of such colonies were closed down), The reason behind the high number of prisoners in Russia is the repressive nature of the Russian judiciary as a whole. They donned bobbed hairdos, participated in sports and fitness, and covered their hair while riding in new convertible automobiles, according to fashion historian Sarah C. Byrd. Machine knitting makes a scarf less refined. The reason behind the high number of prisoners in Russia is the repressive nature of the Russian judiciary as a whole. Day 347 of the war, Russia: threats and offers of energy cooperation, Russia: regional (pseudo)elections in the shadow of war, Extremely cautious. 2008). This may encourage other law enforcement agencies to try to subjugate the FSIN empire to themselves or prove their effectiveness by exposing scandals in the prison service. This extended system is used as a tool for exercising control over society and solidifying the system of power. The Russian penitentiary system is organised in a different manner to corresponding penal systems in most countries: instead of cells in prisons the inmates are housed in barracks in penal colonies. It has also been caused by demographic changes in Russian society: depopulation and an ageing population . The name of this Moscow prison has an . The most popular scarf in Russia is made not far from Moscow in the town of Pavlovsky Posad, where the first factory opened at the end of the 18th century. "The law shows that there was a lot of anxiety around Black people styling their bodies. The headscarf has always figured prominently in traditional womens clothing in Russia and remains a fashionable accessory today, especially in cold weather. There are regions in the Republic of Mordovia, the Komi Republic and Chuvashia, where work performed by prisoners and individuals employed by the FSIN accounts for a major portion of the local labour market, Prior to the court pronouncing their sentence, the suspects are held in remand centres. After the Baptism of Russia, when Orthodoxy became the main religion, covering head for women were considered an integral part of women's outfit . Amnesty International emphasises that repression and persecution of human rights defenders, restrictions on freedom of expression, cultural freedoms and minority rights are particularly common[26]. The patterns are symmetrical and have a standard shape. Disclaimer: RussianBest.com is an informational website, and its content does not constitute professional advice of any kind. They are a . Russian shawl designs are derived from local colour . Ms Linde said she would not wear one during an upcoming visit to Saudi Arabia. Performing work while serving ones sentence is one of the main criteria for an early release from prison. Beyond its utilitarian origins as a source of protection from the elements, the headscarf remains at the center of contentious debate about women's rights, identity, power and class. Historians believe that this way of wearing headscarves came from Germany but became so Russified that is now considered to be traditionally Russian.